Thyroid disorders encompass conditions such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroid nodules, and thyroid cancers. The thyroid gland plays a key role in regulating metabolism, energy production, and thermoregulation through the secretion of T3 and T4 hormones. Abnormalities can result from autoimmune diseases like Graves' disease or Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Diagnosis includes hormone testing and imaging. Treatment may involve medications, radioactive iodine, or surgery.