Breakthrough targeted therapies have transformed cancer treatment by focusing on the specific genes, proteins, and pathways that drive tumor growth. Unlike chemotherapy, these agents act precisely on cancer cells, resulting in higher efficacy and lower toxicity. Kinase inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, and antibody–drug conjugates are among the most impactful developments in this field. With the support of genomic testing, patients can receive personalized treatments matched to their tumor profile. These therapies offer improved outcomes, better quality of life, and new hope for cancers once considered difficult to treat.