Cancer stem cells CSCs are a subpopulation of tumor cells with the ability to self-renew and drive tumor growth, recurrence, and metastasis. They play a key role in tumorigenesis by initiating and sustaining cancer development. CSCs are often resistant to conventional therapies, making them a major challenge in cancer treatment. Understanding their molecular pathways and behavior is crucial for developing targeted therapies. Advances in CSC research offer promising strategies to improve cancer prognosis and reduce relapse rates.