Upstream processing refers to the initial stages of a biotechnological production process, focusing on the preparation and growth of microorganisms or cells. It includes steps like media formulation, sterilization, inoculum development, and fermentation. The goal is to create optimal conditions for high biomass and product yield. Proper upstream processing ensures the quality and consistency of the final bioproduct. It involves selecting suitable organisms and designing efficient bioreactors. Parameters like temperature, pH, and aeration are carefully controlled. This stage is crucial for the success of downstream processing. Overall, upstream processing lays the foundation for efficient and scalable bioproduction.