Downstream processing refers to the recovery and purification of biosynthetic products from the culture broth after fermentation. It involves several steps, including cell separation, product extraction, purification, and final formulation. The aim is to isolate the desired product in a pure and usable form. Techniques such as filtration, centrifugation, chromatography, and drying are commonly used. Efficient downstream processing ensures high product quality and compliance with regulatory standards. It is often the most expensive and complex part of bioprocessing. The choice of methods depends on the nature of the product and impurities. Ultimately, it determines the overall yield and marketability of biotechnological products.