Cancer biology delves into the molecular and cellular mechanisms that drive the initiation, progression, and metastasis of cancer. It investigates key processes such as genetic mutations, oncogene activation, tumor suppressor gene inactivation, angiogenesis, immune evasion, and the tumor microenvironment. Understanding these pathways is essential for identifying vulnerabilities in cancer cells and developing effective interventions.

Targeted therapies are a transformative approach in oncology, designed to specifically inhibit cancer-driving molecules and signaling pathways while minimizing damage to normal cells. Unlike traditional chemotherapy, which affects rapidly dividing cells non-selectively, targeted therapies focus on the unique molecular features of different cancer types such as HER2 in breast cancer, EGFR in lung cancer, or BRAF mutations in melanoma.