Molecular signaling networks are complex systems of interactions that regulate cellular activities through the transmission of signals between molecules. These networks involve proteins, receptors, enzymes, and other molecules that coordinate responses to internal and external stimuli. They play a critical role in processes such as cell growth, differentiation, metabolism, and apoptosis. Dysregulation of these pathways can lead to diseases, including cancer and autoimmune disorders. Understanding molecular signaling networks is essential for developing targeted therapies and advancing precision medicine.