Sialolithiasis is a benign clinical condition characterized by the formation of calcified deposits within the salivary gland system, leading to partial or complete obstruction of salivary flow and resulting in acute or chronic gland inflammation [1,2]. The true prevalence of Sialoliths may be difficult to determine, as many cases may present with no symptoms. However, some studies estimate its prevalence to be about 1.2% of the adult population, with males affected twice as much as females [3]. The condition appears to be rare in children [4]. The formation of salivary stones has been attributed to factors that cause pooling, including anatomical irregularities, local irritants, dehydration, smoking, and the use of certain medications. Salivary gland stones can vary in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters. The submandibular gland accounts for about 80% of salivary stones due to peculiar anatomical factors [5]. Treatment options range from conservative management to more aggressive interventions [6].

A 23-year-old male youth corps member was referred to the oral medicine unit of the Randle General Hospital with a chief complaint of painful swelling under the tongue which was associated with an unpleasant taste. His current symptoms had been present for about eight weeks prior to presentation and worsened at meal times. Oral functions such as speech, mastication, and swallowing were preserved. His medical, dental, and social history were uneventful, and he was not on routinely prescribed medications.

Examination showed grossly normal extra-oral features with mild tenderness of the left submandibular region. Mouth opening was adequate with a hard, tender mass noted in the anterior part of the left floor of the mouth. The opening of the left Wharton's duct appeared erythematous with purulent exudate expressed by gentle, firm pressure.

The history and clinical examination were in keeping with a diagnosis of sialadenitis secondary to left submandibular gland Sialolithiasis.

Sialolithiasis is a salivary gland disorder that can result in the formation of stones within the gland or its duct. Salivary stones can obstruct the flow of saliva and result in gland dysfunction. The prevalence of salivary stones is estimated to be about 1.2 % with a higher occurrence in males and occurring rarely in children [6].

The mechanism of sialolith formation is linked to the deposition of calcium salts around a nidus of organic material such as bacteria, desquamated epithelial cells or mucous. Omokanye described the physiochemical components of a sialolith as predominantly made up of calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium (k), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) while trace elements include lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Carbon (C), and Silicon (S) [7]. The formation of Sialoliths has been linked to smoking, dehydration, trauma to the gland or duct, and factors leading to salivary stasis [8]. Other factors directly related to the salivary glands include increased alkalinity and calcium content of saliva, inflammation or infection of the salivary duct or gland.

The submandibular gland is the most common site of stone formation due several factors such as a higher alkaline and mucus content, higher concentration of calcium and phosphate, a wider and longer duct compared to other glands, and the flow of saliva against gravity [9,10].

The consequences of a stone within the salivary gland or duct depend on its size, which ultimately determines the degree of obstruction. Smaller stones are often asymptomatic and may be discovered incidentally, while larger stones can lead to pain, swelling, superimposed bacterial infection and compromised gland function that necessitates gland removal [11,12]. Stones measuring above 15mm are rare, and few have been reported in the literature [7].

The management of Sialoliths depends on their size and location, and treatment is generally aimed at restoring salivary flow, preventing infection, and when possible, avoiding gland removal. For small superficial Sialoliths, conservative methods such as gland massage and the use of sialogogues have been adopted [13]. For larger and more deeply positioned stones, extra-corporeal shock wave lithotripsy, Sialendoscopy, or gland removal are treatment options. In this case report, sialolith removal was performed Transorally under local Anaesthesia with preservation of the submandibular gland.

The Transoral removal of large Sialoliths from the submandibular gland or duct is a minimally invasive treatment approach in the management of Sialolithiasis. Adequate post-operative follow-up is essential to minimise complications and ensure optimal recovery.

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