Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a state-of-the-art imaging technique that creates finely detailed three-dimensional images of internal structures, facial and dental diagnostics. Clinicians can observe complex anatomical areas more clearly and accurately with CBCT [8]. The cone-shaped X-ray beam rotates around the patient’s head. The X-Ray source and detector rotate around the patient's head typically through 180° to 360°. The patient's head stays still. 2D images are taken from multiple directions and these images are reconstructed by a computer digitally into a 3D volumetric image. The final image can be viewed in axial, coronal, sagittal and cross-sectional planes [9].

The computer system uses methods such as Feldkamp-Davis-Kress (FDK) or filtered back projection to process and recreate the 3D image [10]. Obtaining and reconstructing images involves voxel-based imaging, where high-resolution images are produced using isotropic voxels, which have equal diameters in all directions [11]. The Field of View (FOV) feature enables clinicians to focus on specific areas, such as a single tooth or the entire jaw. Scan time usually falls between 10 and 40 seconds, and the radiation dose is higher than that of routine dental radiography but lower than that of conventional CT.

Aspects of image quality include spatial resolution, which is a key factor in root canal anatomy and establishes the capacity to discern minute structures. Contrast resolution refers to the capacity to distinguish between tissues with comparable densities [12]. Artifacts, which can be caused by patient movement or metal restorations, may impair image clarity.

Table 1: Comparison states between CBCT and conventional CT [13]

Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), which enables three-dimensional (3D) visualization of teeth and adjacent tissues, has revolutionized endodontic imaging. CBCT offers several distinct advantages over traditional two-dimensional radiographs, enhancing clinical outcomes, treatment planning, and diagnostic accuracy [14]. Improved root canal anatomy visualization identifies intricate canal patterns, such as Cshaped canals, supplementary canals, and additional roots. It detects anomalous morphology and calcified canals that periapical radiography could overlook and offers cross-sectional images to help pinpoint the location of canals. Periapical pathology detection that is accurate includes greater sensitivity in detecting granulomas, cysts, and periapical abnormalities. It distinguishes between endodontic diseases and those that are not and identifies early bone alterations that 2D radiographs cannot show [15].

Table 3: Comparison state b/w CBCT vs Digital Radiograph [24]

Table 4: Comparison state between CBCT and Traditional Radiography [25-26]

Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) has transformed endodontic practice by providing three dimensional images of dental and periapical tissues. Unlike traditional two-dimensional radiographs, CBCT delivers volumetric data that reveals hidden root canal geometries, assesses disease severity, and guides precise treatment choices [27]. Its ability to produce multiplanar reconstructions and cross-sectional images makes it essential for both routine and complex endodontic cases. CBCT allows for complete mapping of canal systems, revealing variations such as C-shaped canals, auxiliary canals, and additional MB2 canals in maxillary molars, thereby improving canal negotiation and obturation success [28]. By acquiring volumetric data, CBCT enhances sensitivity in detecting periapical lesions, cysts, and granulomas, enabling clinicians to measure lesion size and monitor dimensional changes over time for evidence-based follow-up [29].

Standard radiographs are generally ineffective at detecting vertical and horizontal root fractures, whereas CBCT cross-sectional slices reveal fracture lines, their orientation, and extent, aiding decisions regarding preservation versus extraction. Post-treatment CBCT scans offer more accurate tracking of bone regrowth and lesion resolution than 2D imaging, contributing to therapy success, retreatment decisions, and surgical scheduling. In apicoectomy and surgical retreatment, CBCT evaluates the spatial relationship between root apices and critical anatomical landmarks such as the mandibular canal and maxillary sinus, optimizing surgical access, minimizing complications, and enhancing patient safety. CBCT also assists in managing procedural complications by locating detached instruments, ledges, and perforations within the root canal system, allowing clinicians to develop targeted retrieval or repair strategies [30]. In research and education, CBCT data support investigations into root canal morphology, disease progression, and treatment outcomes. At the same time, its integration into AR/VR platforms enriches endodontic training through immersive, interactive simulations. These diverse applications underscore CBCT’s role as a cornerstone of modern endodontic therapy, enabling clinicians to deliver more accurate, efficient, and patient-centered care when used judiciously with consideration for radiation exposure [31].

Although the use of Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) in Endodontics has greatly improved diagnostics, it also presents significant moral and legal issues for dentists [32]. While lowering hazards, responsible use guarantees that patients get the most benefit.

CBCT should only be recommended in cases where digital radiography, IOPA, or conventional imaging are insufficient for accurate diagnosis or treatment planning. Every decision to use CBCT must adhere to the ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) principle, ensuring that radiation exposure is justified and minimized. Professional standards set by organizations such as the Dental Council of India (DCI), the American Association of Endodontists (AAE), and the European Society of Endodontology (ESE) provide guidelines that practitioners must follow. To prevent misdiagnosis, CBCT scans should be interpreted exclusively by qualified medical professionals [33].

Patient awareness is essential while recommending CBCT imaging. Patients should clearly understand the rationale behind the recommendation, including its advantages and disadvantages. Risks-particularly those related to radiation exposure-must be explained in simple, intelligible language. Clinicians should also inform patients about alternative imaging options, such as digital radiography and IOPA, and clarify why CBCT is the preferred choice in their specific case. Before performing the scan, voluntary written consent is required [34].

Radiation protection is essential when using CBCT; clinicians should ensure the use of protective gear such as lead aprons and thyroid collars when necessary, and follow low-dose protocols, especially for children and adolescents. Data security is equally important, as CBCT images form part of the patient's official medical record and must be stored securely [35].

Clinical Validation

Multi-center studies are required to test accuracy, dependability, and safety across a range of populations, as many AI models are still in the experimental stage and lack extensive clinical trials [36].

Standardization

Currently, there are no standardized methods for integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into CBCT processes, which limits consistent implementation across clinical settings. Interoperability is further challenged by the wide variation in CBCT equipment, image formats, and software platforms, making it difficult to streamline AI applications and ensure compatibility across different systems [37].

Ethical and Legal Concerns

Clinicians must make sure that AI technologies are utilized responsibly and patients should understand their participation in treatment planning, as AI-assisted diagnosis raises concerns around responsibility and informed consent [38].

Limited Data Sets

 Dental imaging lacks large annotated datasets for AI training. Most existing models train on limited, institution-specific samples, restricting generalizability [39].

Future Directions

Advancing AI integration in Endodontics requires the development of open-access CBCT datasets to support robust training of diagnostic algorithms. Incorporating real-time AI feedback during endodontic procedures can enhance clinical decision-making and improve treatment precision. To fully realize these benefits, stronger collaboration is needed between data scientists, endodontists, and radiologists to bridge the clinical and technical divide, ensuring that AI tools are both scientifically sound and practically applicable in dental practice [40].

Table 5: Global Trends in CBCT Adoption for Endodontics: A Country-by-Country Analysis [41]

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

AI algorithms are being trained to accurately recognize root canal morphology, periapical diseases, and root fractures, enhancing diagnostic precision in Endodontics. Deep learning models can automate the diagnostic process, reducing human error and saving valuable clinical time. Additionally, AI improves the clarity of CBCT images, especially in cases with low resolution or significant artifacts, thereby supporting more reliable interpretation and treatment planning [42]

Augmented Reality (AR) &Virtual Reality (VR)

AR and VR are being integrated with CBCT data for interactive surgical planning and dental education [43].

These tools allow clinicians and students to simulate procedures and explore 3D anatomy in immersive environments.

Emerging innovations in CBCT technology are reshaping the future of Endodontics. Personalized endodontic care is becoming possible by integrating CBCT data with genetic and systemic health information, enabling predictive modeling of treatment outcomes [45]. The development of 4D imaging, or time-based CBCT, allows dynamic visualization of anatomical changes over time, which is particularly useful for monitoring disease progression and healing [46]. Chairside and ultra-compact CBCT units are being designed for in-office use, enhancing accessibility and enabling robotic systems to guide precise access cavity preparation and endodontic microsurgery [47]. Advances in image processing software now reduce artifacts, especially those caused by metallic restorations, and improve contrast resolution for better visualization of soft tissues. Robotics integration further standardizes complex procedures, with CBCT-guided robotic systems enhancing surgical accuracy [48]. In regenerative dentistry, CBCT plays a vital role in tracking scaffold integration and tissue regeneration during pulp revascularization, offering superior insight compared to other endodontic imaging modalities [49].